Under the World Tree

Group Varieties and Schemes

Posted: February 24, 2026 | Updated: September 11, 2026

Yesterday I spent a little time on a Hartshorne exercise which checks that Ga\mathbb{G}_{a} and Gm\mathbb{G}_{m} are group schemes. By now I've thought about this a few times and it's included in my thesis, but I learnt some new ideas by proving this in the category of varieties, which feels like another piece of working with the variety-theoretic definition of regular functions (something I've always been uneasy about, I gravitate to the scheme theory because I can use more algebra).

Elements of the ground field kk correspond to points/maximal ideals of Ga\mathbb{G}_{a} one-to-one and elements of k=k{0}k^* = k \setminus \{0\} correspond to points of Gm\mathbb{G}_{m}, so that functions XkX \to k from a variety correspond to functions XGaX \to \mathbb{G}_{a} and functions XkX \to k^* correspond to functions XGmX \to \mathbb{G}_{m}. It follows that the function XkX \to k is regular if and only if XGaX \to \mathbb{G}_{a} is a morphism, and the same holds in the Gm\mathbb{G}_{m} case. Having such an explicit correspondence is probably a unique feature of (products of) Gm\mathbb{G}_{m} and Ga\mathbb{G}_{a}, but checking representability of a moduli functor by looking at kk points is a useful idea, made simpler by the regular function notion.

I also reinforced for myself the idea that sometimes the best way is to compute and find out. I was trying to write down the comultiplication for Gm\mathbb{G}_{m} and Ga\mathbb{G}_{a} and my immediate instinct was to google to make sure I didn't start something monstrous and complicated. I did google and my guess was correct (it was, after all, an educated guess), but it turns out that checking the induced map on points is actually very doable, and this would have been true even with the wrong guess. For example, the comultiplication for Gm\mathbb{G}_{m} is given by k[x±1]μk[x±1,y±1],xxy;k[x^{\pm 1}] \xrightarrow{\mu} k[x^{\pm 1}, y^{\pm 1}], \quad x \mapsto xy; since μ1(xa,yb)\mu^{-1}(x-a, y-b) has form (xc)(x-c) for some ckc \in k and μ(xc)=xyc\mu(x-c) = xy - c, we find that the only element of (xa,yb)(x-a, y-b) with 11 for the coefficient of xyxy and no other terms is (xa)(yb)+b(xa)+a(yb)=xy+ababab=xyab,(x-a)(y-b) + b(x-a) + a(y-b) = xy +ab -ab -ab = xy - ab, so that c=abc = ab and the map on points is multiplication (a,b)ab(a, b) \to ab.

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Written by Corey Lionis, denizen of the world-tree hollow.